UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

or

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-39059

AVITA MEDICAL, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

28159 Avenue Stanford

Suite 220

Valencia, CA 91355

(Address of principal executive offices and Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (661) 367-9170

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has selected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and nonvoting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $431,861,022 on June 30, 2023, using the closing price on that day of $17.01.

The number of shares of the registrant’s $0.0001 par value common stock outstanding as of February 7, 2024 was 25,706,662.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Annual Report”) and our other public filings contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements give expectations or forecasts of future events. Forward-looking statements can sometimes, but not always, be identified by words such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “estimate,” “goal,” “guidance,” “forecast,” “look forward,” “outlook,” “predict,” “project,” “plan,” “should,” “target,” “intend,” “may,” “will,” “would,” “potential” and similar expressions to future periods. Forward-looking statements are not based on historical facts but rather represent current expectations and assumptions. Factors that may influence or contribute to the inaccuracy of the forward-looking statements or cause actual results to differ materially from expected or desired results may include, without limitation: future revenues; solvency; industry market conditions; increased competition; changes in our production capacity; failure to obtain, maintain and enforce our intellectual property rights; failure to obtain and/or maintain regulatory approvals and comply with applicable regulations;; the conduct or outcome of pre-clinical or clinical (human) studies; operational and management restructuring activities; our ability to find and maintain partnerships relating to collaborations, strategic arrangements and licensing arrangements; our ability to expand our sales organization to address effectively existing and new markets that we intend to target; our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel, including management; tax and interest rates; inflation, recession, financial market disruptions and other economic conditions; productivity, business process, rationalization, investment, acquisition and acquisition integrations, consulting, operational, tax, financial and capital projects and initiatives; changes in the legal or regulatory environment; the impact of a cybersecurity breach, terrorist attack, pandemic or epidemic, or natural disaster; and future working capital, costs, revenues, business opportunities, cash flows, margins, earnings and growth.

Forward-looking statements relate to the future and are subject to many risks, assumptions and uncertainties, including those risks set forth in this Annual Report in Part I, Item IA Risk Factors and elsewhere. Although we believe the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, actual results, developments and business decisions could differ materially from those contemplated by such forward-looking statements. The environment in which we operate is highly competitive, highly regulated and rapidly changing and it is not possible for our management to predict all risks, as new risks emerge from time to time.

All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements by or attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by these factors. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as may be required by law.

As used herein, unless the context otherwise requires, references to "we,” “our,” “us,” “the Company,” and “AVITA Medical” refer to AVITA Medical, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its subsidiaries (including AVITA Medical Pty Limited ("AVITA Australia").

Currency

In this Annual Report, all references to “dollars” or “$” are to the currency of the United States.

PART I

Item 1. BUSINESS

OVERVIEW

AVITA Medical is a commercial-stage regenerative medicine company transforming the standard of care in wound care management and skin restoration with innovative devices. At the forefront of our portfolio is our patented and proprietary RECELL® System (“RECELL System” or “RECELL”), approved by the United States Food & Drug Administration (“FDA”) for the treatment of thermal burn wounds and full-thickness skin defects, and for repigmentation of stable depigmented vitiligo lesions. RECELL harnesses the regenerative properties of a patient’s own skin to create an autologous skin cell suspension, Spray-On Skin™ Cells, delivering a transformative solution at the point of care. This breakthrough technology serves as the catalyst for a new treatment paradigm enabling improved clinical outcomes.

CORPORATE HISTORY

AVITA Australia, the former parent company of AVITA Medical, was founded in December 1992. AVITA Australia began trading its American Depositary Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “RCEL” on October 1, 2019. Today, our common stock trades on the Nasdaq under the symbol “RCEL” and our CHESS Depositary Interests (“CDIs”) are traded on the ASX under the symbol “AVH.”

STRATEGY

AVITA Medical is focused on becoming the leading provider of regenerative medicine addressing unmet medical needs in burn injuries, full-thickness skin defects, and in skin repigmentation, such as vitiligo. We will continue to drive commercial revenue growth to generate positive cash flow and achieve operating profit. To achieve these objectives, we intend to:

PRODUCT PORTFOLIO

RECELL Platform

RECELL is a single use, stand-alone, battery operated, autologous cell harvesting device containing enzymatic and buffer solutions, sterile surgical instruments, and actuators. RECELL is FDA approved for the treatment of thermal burn wounds and full-thickness skin defects, and for repigmentation of stable depigmented vitiligo lesions. The platform technology of the RECELL System enables a thin split-thickness skin sample from the patient to be processed and prepared, producing an autologous cellular suspension called Spray-On Skin Cells. These Spray-On Skin Cells are prepared at the point of care in as little as 30 minutes, providing a new way to treat thermal burn wounds and full-thickness skin defects.

The regenerative skin cell suspension includes the patient's own skin cells, including keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and melanocytes, all of which play critical roles in skin regeneration. The application of these cells stimulates healing and repigmentation throughout the wound bed. The patented and proprietary platform technology underlying the Spray-On Skin Cell suspension originated in Australia, based on the seminal work of Professor Fiona Wood and fellow scientist Marie Stoner. In September 2018, the FDA approved RECELL as a Class 3 device through a premarket approval (“PMA”) for the treatment of second and third-degree

acute thermal burn injuries in patients 18 years and older. Following receipt of our original PMA, we commenced commercialization of the RECELL System in January 2019 in the United States.

In June 2021, the FDA approved expanded use of RECELL in combination of meshed autografting for acute full-thickness thermal wounds in both pediatric and adult patients, and for full-thickness thermal burns greater than 50% total body surface area (“TBSA”). As a result of having achieved an expanded indication for use in pediatric burns, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (“BARDA”) funded U.S. Pediatric Burns trial has been closed to new enrollment.

In February 2022, the FDA approved a PMA supplement for the RECELL Autologous Cell Harvesting Device, an enhanced ease-of-use device aimed at providing clinicians a more efficient user experience and streamlined workflow.

On June 7, 2023, the FDA approved a PMA supplement for full-thickness skin defects based on results from our pivotal trial for soft tissue repair and reconstruction. Following this approval, we commenced a commercial launch on June 8, 2023.

On June 16 2023, the FDA approved a PMA application for the repigmentation of stable depigmented vitiligo lesions. Following FDA approval, the Company established a three-step framework to secure reimbursement. The first step is a post-market study called, TONE. TONE will evaluate repigmentation using the RECELL device and will also seek to measure the improvement in the quality-of life following treatment of stable vitiligo with RECELL. We expect to submit the study for publication by the end of 2024.The second step is to capture the longitudinal healthcare costs for a vitiligo patient through a health economics, which is also expected to be submitted for publication by the end of 2024. Following publication of both studies, it is expected that conversations with commercial payors will begin during the second quarter of 2025. Subsequently, we anticipate commercial coverage will be rolled out on a regional basis, considering state and geographic factors. The initial phase of coverage is likely to begin in the fourth quarter of 2025, with appropriately sized commercial support as coverage is established.

Additionally, on June 29, 2023, we submitted a PMA supplement to the FDA for RECELL GO™. RECELL GO maintains the FDA Breakthrough Device designation from predecessor devices. On September 29, 2023, the Company received notice from the FDA that additional information regarding the PMA supplement is required for the continuation of a substantive review for RECELL GO. This request, which is not unique to the Breakthrough Device Program, placed the application file on hold while the Company addresses the FDA's questions. A category of questions posed by the FDA requires additional in-house testing, which is substantially completed. Consequently, we expect to submit a response to the FDA no later than February 28, 2024. Upon the submission to the FDA, the application will reenter the 180-day cycle, with 90 days remaining in the review period. This timing would imply FDA approval on May 30, 2024, with a product launch on May 31, 2024.

TARGET MARKETS

Burns

Acute thermal burns are life-threatening and debilitating injuries that are among the most challenging and expensive to manage. These injuries require complex surgical procedures, long and costly hospitalization, and have a high potential for clinical complications and requirement for rehabilitation and scar treatment. In the U.S., approximately 40,000 people have burn injuries severe enough to require hospital admission annually, and it is estimated that 3,300 patients die each year. The majority of patients treated on an inpatient basis in the U.S. are treated in specialized burn centers.

Severe burns (typically defined as second- and third-degree) are commonly treated with autologous split-thickness skin grafts (“STSGs”) to achieve definitive closure of the burn wound. In a STSG, or autograft, donor skin is harvested from a healthy area of the patient’s skin. The donor skin is then typically perforated into a mesh that can be expanded and transferred to cover the prepared burn injury. Treatment with STSG results in additional trauma for the patient due to creation of a new donor site wound. Although the use of STSG has been a standard treatment for more than 50 years, autografting is associated with significant pain, itching, infection, dyschromia, dyspigmentation, delayed healing, and hypertrophic scarring of the donor site.

The clinical benefits of earlier wound closure are well recognized and include increased survival, reduced hospital length of stay, decreased pain duration, and reduced infection-related complications. However, in large burn injuries, the patient may have insufficient donor skin available to allow for immediate and complete treatment of the entire burn injury area when using traditional grafting techniques. The lack of available healthy donor skin in patients with large burn injuries is often the central problem impacting time to autografting and definitive closure of the wounds. In extensively burned patients, surgeons often must wait until the donor sites have healed so they can re-harvest from the sites, resulting in delays in treatment and closure, requiring multiple procedures, and extending hospital stay. While waiting for donor skin, the burn wounds may be temporarily covered by allogeneic skin (allograft, cadaver skin) or xenograft (typically pig skin). The overall cost of treatment with STSG is expensive - for example it would cost

approximately $579,000 and 59.4 days in hospital for a patient with a 40% TBSA mixed-depth burn injury to recover and return to normal day to day activities.

The pivotal studies leading to the RECELL System’s FDA PMA for the treatment of acute thermal burns demonstrated that the RECELL System treated burns used 97.5% less donor skin when used alone in second-degree burns, and 32% less donor skin when used with autograft for third-degree burns, compared to standard of care autografting. In these studies, a statistically significant reduction in donor skin required to treat burn patients with the RECELL System was realized without any associated compromise to healing or safety outcomes. Donor site outcomes from the clinical trial for second-degree burns also revealed a statistically significant reduction in patient-reported pain, increased patient satisfaction and improved scar outcomes.

Retrospective studies demonstrated that fewer autografting procedures are required for definitive closure of full-thickness burns when using the RECELL System versus conventional autografts. In pediatric cases (N = 284), treatment with the RECELL System resulted in a 56% reduction in the mean number of autograft procedures required compared to National Burn Repository (“NBR”) data. Additionally, in adult patients with greater than 50% TBSA (N=318), the RECELL System resulted in a 60% reduction in the mean number of autograft procedures versus NBR data.

In addition to robust clinical data, RECELL has proven health economic benefits and a compelling cost-effectiveness model which shows that treatment using the RECELL System for deep partial-thickness burns reduces total treatment costs by an average of 26%, or approximately $37,000, for patients with 10% TBSA and approximately $150,000, for patients with 40% TBSA. For full-thickness burns, treatment using the RECELL System reduced total treatment cost by 3%, or approximately $6,000 for patients with 10% TBSA and by 42% or approximately $243,000, for patients with 40% TBSA. These cost reductions are attributed to decreasing the length of hospital stay, reducing the number of procedures required to close the burn wound, and minimizing the donor site size and associated wound care. All of these cost savings estimates are net of the cost of the RECELL System.

A budget impact model was developed and has been used to calculate the annual budget impact of current standard of care for the treatment of burns versus treatment using the RECELL System for a burn center with 200 patients. The model shows that treatment using the RECELL System reduces annual total treatment costs from approximately $39.4 million to $32.6 million, saving 17% or approximately $6.8 million per year. In addition, real world evidence has been published by the Doctors at IQVIA and funded by the Company and BARDA indicating that these economic savings are demonstrated in a wide range of burn sizes.

The market for the treatment of burns in the U.S. is highly concentrated, with approximately 140 burn centers and approximately 300 burn surgeons who treat the majority of severe burn patients in the country (i.e., ~75%). Accordingly, our target market was predominantly burn centers, of which half are trauma centers. With FDA approval for full-thickness skin defects, we are expanding into these trauma centers, with the goal of capturing approximately 30% of RECELL-eligible burn injuries that are treated outside of dedicated burn centers.

Looking ahead, our goal is to establish RECELL as the standard of care for any burn injury that requires grafting for patients with 5% TBSA injury or greater. In the U.S., we estimate that there are approximately 35,000 patients annually that could benefit from our technology. Each RECELL System can treat up to 10% TBSA, and many patients require more than one device.

AVITA Medical has a policy of providing the RECELL System to a provider only after they have been certified, which includes extensive training in the use of the product and in the aftercare of the patient. In general, we have found that most U.S. burn centers follow the industry-standard process of evaluating the RECELL System and then taking it through their hospital’s Value Analysis Committee (“VAC”) prior to purchasing. In general, most surgeons follow a typical adoption curve, starting from where they see the greatest economic and clinical value, which is the use of RECELL for treatment of larger burns. With time and continued use, surgeons typically progress to adoption of RECELL for smaller, less severe burns and facial burns.

In the U.S., several existing reimbursement codes were in place prior to the commencement of commercial sales of the RECELL System. For inpatient treatment of burn patients, U.S. hospitals are reimbursed under Diagnosis Related Group ("DRG") Codes based on diagnosis of a patient’s injuries. For physicians, Current Procedural Terminology ("CPT") codes for use in RECELL System procedures are recommended by the American Burn Association and are the same for both inpatient and outpatient use. In August 2020, we filed a Transitional Pass-through Payment Application (“TPT”) with The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”) to support a separate, additional Medicare payment for use of the RECELL System in the Outpatient Setting. On November 3, 2021, the Company was informed that CMS approved our TPT submission with the code effective as of January 1, 2022. The new “C” code provides additional payment which offsets the cost of the device in hospital outpatient facilities and ambulatory surgical centers for Medicare beneficiaries over a 2-to-3-year period before converting to a permanent code. Following the granting of the code, the Company is working with commercial carriers to ensure broader coverage. The new “C” code is not indication specific and lays the foundation for growth in other indications outside of acute thermal burns (such as soft tissue repair).

Full-Thickness Skin Defects

A wound is a breach in the integrity of the skin, with full-thickness wounds extending through the dermal layer to deeper tissues. Full-thickness skin defects include traumatic avulsion (e.g. degloving), surgical excision (e.g. necrotizing soft tissue infection), or resection (e.g., skin cancer). The cause or origin of the wound directly impacts healing potential, response to treatment options, and likely complications.

Traumatic Wounds. Traumatic wounds are subdivided by mechanism of injury into lacerations, abrasions, avulsions, crush, penetrating, or bites. Traumatic wounds often arise in high-energy circumstances and result in extensive zones of injury with damage to multiple tissue types. Missing cutaneous tissue, macerated edges, and contamination are common and can complicate wound healing. In the U.S., we estimate there are approximately 122,000 annual procedures that are eligible for treatment with RECELL.

Surgical Wounds. Surgical wounds are precise incisions intentionally created to access underlying organs, relieve compartmental pressure, excise diseased cutaneous tissue (infected or severely inflamed or necrotic), or to harvest tissue for autografting (flaps and grafts). In the U.S., we estimate there are approximately 12,500 annual procedures that are eligible for treatment with RECELL.

Surgical Excisions for Cancer. Surgical excisions for cancer are procedures used to remove and treat various skin cancers. In the U.S., we estimate there are approximately 136,000 annual procedures that are eligible for treatment with RECELL.

Chronic Wounds. Chronic wounds are wounds that do not heal within an expected time frame. These types of wounds include diabetic foot ulcers, venous leg ulcers, pressure ulcers, and non-pressure ulcers. In the U.S., we estimate there are approximately 128,000 annual procedures that are eligible for treatment with RECELL.

Similar to the burns indication, full-thickness skin defects are associated with large areas of skin loss and as such, some of the top unmet needs identified by surgeons are closely aligned:

Given the interest to reduce donor skin harvesting, just as with the burns indication, we designed a clinical trial to demonstrate the use of less donor skin without compromising healing outcomes relative to conventional autografting. The trial was essentially a repeat of the successful previous trial in full-thickness burns, but with a population of patients with full-thickness, non-burn injuries. The study design included two co-primary endpoints based on pairwise comparisons where each subject received both RECELL treatment and standard of care treatment: one endpoint had a hypothesis of superiority for donor skin sparing and the other co-primary endpoint had a hypothesis of non-inferiority for healing. Both co-primary endpoints were met, demonstrating statistically significant donor sparing and non-inferior healing outcomes with RECELL versus standard of care, meaning less skin from the patient is required to repair and close the wound without compromising the healing outcomes relative to convention autografting. In addition to these results, RECELL has been successfully used outside the U.S. for many years and there exist several case reports on the treatment of traumatic injuries that have been the subject of peer-reviewed scientific publications and presentations at medical conferences.

In the U.S., we estimate that there are approximately 400,000 full-thickness skin defect procedures annually that are eligible for treatment with RECELL. The majority of our current burn accounts represent opportunities for use of RECELL in the treatment of full-thickness skin defects. In the second quarter of 2023, we expanded our commercial organization from 30 to 70. Our team is targeting approximately 800 acute wound accounts, representing both burn and trauma accounts. In the first half of 2024, we plan to further expand our commercial organization from 70 to 100.

The approval for the treatment of full-thickness skin defects represents a significant opportunity in which we are leveraging our existing resources while also creating synergies with the burns market. Approximately 50% of the U.S. burn centers are classified as trauma centers. Those trauma centers currently utilizing RECELL are now able to use RECELL to treat full-thickness skin defects as these centers have already approved RECELL through their respective VACs. Further, we are expanding our burn market opportunity by virtue of our approval for full-thickness skin defects as we are extending our reach to include trauma centers.

We anticipate RECELL being used in both the inpatient & outpatient settings across a wide range of wound sizes. From a reimbursement perspective, the same DRG code that is currently being used to treat inpatient burns is now being applied for the treatment of full-thickness skin defects. Additionally, the outpatient TPT “C” code we have been granted for RECELL can also be utilized for the treatment of full-thickness skin defects in the outpatient setting.

Vitiligo

Vitiligo is a disease that causes the loss of skin pigmentation, or color, in patches. The extent of color loss from vitiligo is unpredictable, can affect the skin on any part of the body, and may also affect hair and the inside of the mouth. Vitiligo occurs when melanocytes, the pigment-producing skin cells, die or stop producing melanin, the pigment that gives skin, hair, and eyes color. Vitiligo is believed to be an autoimmune disorder in which a patient’s immune system attacks and destroys the melanocytes in the skin. It may also be caused by heredity factors or a triggering event, such as sunburn, stress, or exposure to industrial chemicals. Vitiligo affects people of all skin types, but it may be more noticeable in people with darker skin. It is estimated that worldwide vitiligo prevalence is between 0.5 to 2% of the population. The condition is not life-threatening or physically painful, but it can significantly alter physical appearance and have negative emotional and psychological consequences, thus causing a cascade of medical conditions with associated costs.

Vitiligo cannot be cured at present, and treatments generally fall into one of two categories:

RECELL does not treat underlying autoimmune disease. Rather, it works to restore pigmentation.

According to the FDA panel in 2021, there is a high level of depression, anxiety, and negative quality of life among vitiligo patients. Interest in vitiligo treatment tends to increase in individuals who have lesions in more visible areas (such as the face, neck and hands) as well as the younger female population. In 2022, over 400,000 patients pursued treatment for vitiligo in the U.S. We estimate that there are approximately 1.3 million people in the U.S. with stable vitiligo and a total addressable market of approximately $5 billion. Vitiligo rates a 7.61 on the Dermatology Life Quality Index (“DLQI”), which is in the same range of other aesthetic dermatological disease analogs which receive healthy positive reimbursement such as Rosacea (5.2), Psoriasis (9.3) and Atopic Dermatitis (12.79).

The market is expected to grow, especially over the next decade, with the advent of novel treatment options including oral and topical Janus Kinase (“JAK”) inhibitors, such as Opzelura. Although these new products will both stabilize and re-pigment some patients, it is anticipated that many patients will need additional modes of treatment for re-pigmentation. Products (immunosuppressants) working to stabilize vitiligo and RECELL (working to restore pigmentation) are complementary. Further, large pharmaceutical companies with immunosuppressant assets in development will likely invest in disease awareness campaigns which will further grow consumer awareness and the market.

Following FDA approval, we established a three-step framework to secure reimbursement. The first step is a post-market study called, TONE. The second step is to initiate a health economics study to capture the longitudinal healthcare costs for a vitiligo patient. We expect to submit these two studies for publication by the end of 2024. Following publication of these studies, we plan to start conversations with commercial payors during the second quarter of 2025. Consequently, we anticipate commercial coverage will be rolled out on a regional basis, considering state and geographic factors. The initial phase of coverage is likely to begin in the fourth quarter of 2025, with appropriately sized commercial support as coverage is established.

INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY

In international markets, the RECELL System has received various approvals and registrations to promote skin healing in a wide range of applications including, burns, full-thickness skin defects, and vitiligo. These endorsements include

TGA registration in Australia, CE mark approval in Europe, and PMDA approval in Japan under the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Act for burns. Our global commercialization strategy is focused on Australia, the European Union, and Japan.

In February 2019, we entered into a partnership with COSMOTEC, an M3 Group company, to market and distribute the RECELL System in Japan. Following the approval of reimbursement pricing by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, COSMOTEC began the commercial launch of RECELL in September 2022.

As part of our strategic growth plans, we plan to expand our global presence within the European Union and Australia through the exclusive use of third-party distributors. In November 2023, we entered into our first European distribution partnership with PolyMedics Innovations GmbH. PolyMedics Innovations will lead our expansion into Germany, Austria, and Switzerland.

We plan to actively identify new distribution partners in our focused markets over the next 6 to 12 months.

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

Our research and development activities are focused on advancing our innovative products and building a comprehensive portfolio of solutions, as well as developing clinical applications to advance the management of wound care. Additionally, we continue to conduct clinical studies to provide further efficacy and health economic evidence.

We continue to commit resources to product development to ensure the RECELL system continues to evolve and that we maintain robust patent protection. In June 2023, we submitted a PMA supplement to the FDA for RECELL GO™. RECELL GO is comprised of a reusable durable base unit and a single-use sterile cartridge. The RECELL GO system aims to control the current manual process of cell disaggregation and filtration, as well as soak time, reducing variability across medical providers compared to the current device. This revolutionary design will also reduce training requirements, allowing us to leverage our sales team more effectively. In turn, we believe the reduction in training medical professionals will lead to increased adoption across our indications and the broader market. Additionally, RECELL GO offers us an opportunity to expand our intellectual property portfolio. With each iteration of our RECELL System, we anticipate preservation of the therapeutic power of Spray-on Skin Cells, deployed in devices that become appropriate for use in an increasing range of clinical settings. This is particularly important as we aim to enter the dermatology space, where there is a shift toward an emphasis on the volume of patients treated in a day.

RECELL GO maintains the FDA Breakthrough Device designation from predecessor devices. On September 29, 2023, we received notice from the FDA that additional information regarding the PMA supplement is required for the continuation of a substantive review for RECELL GO. This request, which is not unique to the Breakthrough Device Program, placed the application file on hold while we address the FDA's questions. A category of questions posed by the FDA requires additional in-house testing. The testing is already underway and we expect to submit a response to the FDA no later than February 28, 2024. Upon submitting a response to the FDA, the application will reenter the 180-day cycle, with 90 days remaining in the review period. This timing would imply a product launch on May 31, 2024.

TONE will evaluate repigmentation using the RECELL device and will also seek to measure the improvement in the quality-of life following treatment of stable vitiligo with RECELL. TONE, including publication, is expected to be complete by the end of 2024. The second step is to initiate a health economics study to capture the longitudinal healthcare costs for a vitiligo patient, which is expected to be completed by the end of 2024. The purpose of these studies is to demonstrate how treating vitiligo with RECELL can significantly reduce the lifetime healthcare cost of patients. As a result, commercial payors will stand to benefit economically by providing coverage of RECELL for the repigmentation of stable depigmented vitiligo lesions. Following publication of these studies, we expect conversations with commercial payors to begin during the second quarter of 2025. Commercial coverage will be rolled out on a tiered basis based on state and geographic factors. The Company anticipates that the initial phase of reimbursement coverage will likely begin in the fourth quarter of 2025, with appropriately sized commercial support as coverage is established.

SALES AND MARKETING

Our commercial organization is focused on clinical case support, staff training, and building awareness to further expand interest in the clinical and economic benefits of RECELL. It is not uncommon in the treatment of wounds to have rotating staff and it is our commitment for all those working with RECELL to be comfortable with the technology both during the procedure as well as during aftercare.

We sell RECELL in the U.S. through our direct commercial organization of 70 individuals, which consists of 10 managers, 40 regenerative tissue specialists, and 20 clinical training specialists. Our commercial organization is composed of highly experienced medical sales representatives as well as former burn and trauma nurses. This organization covers both thermal and non-thermal wound accounts. We plan to further expand our commercial organization to 108 in the first half of 2024.

HUMAN CAPITAL

AVITA Medical’s investment in the U.S. commercial success of RECELL has led to the development of best-in-class teams supporting sales, clinical education and training, reimbursement, medical affairs, as well as corporate management and infrastructure. As of December 31, 2023, we had 207 full-time and part-time employees. As of December 31, 2023, 99% of our workforce was based in the United States, with a significant number of our management and professional employees having prior experience with leading medical product, biotech, or pharmaceutical companies. None of our employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements.

We embrace differences, diversity and varying perspectives amongst our employee base and are proud to be an equal opportunity employer. We do not discriminate based on race, religious creed, color, national origin, ancestry, physical disability, mental disability, medical condition, genetic information, marital status, sex, gender, gender identity, gender expression, age, military or veteran status, sexual orientation or any other protected characteristic established by federal, state, or local laws. A diverse workforce as well as an inclusive culture and work environment are fundamentally important and strategic to us, beginning with our Board of Directors and CEO and extending to all levels of the Company. As of December 31, 2023, the Directors of the Company were 28.5% female, our senior executive team was 30% female and our total employee base was 50.2% female. In addition to promoting gender diversity, we encourage ethnically diverse talent when recruiting as well as providing employee training and development focusing on workplace diversity and inclusion.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

We seek to protect our intellectual property, core technologies, and other know-how through a combination of patents, trademarks, trade secrets, confidentiality agreements, licenses, and IP assignments with our employees, consultants, business partners, suppliers, customers, and others. Additionally, we rely on our research and development program, clinical trials, know-how and marketing programs to advance our products and product candidates, and to expand our intellectual property rights.

As powerful complements to our IP rights, we also believe that the regulatory approval processes around the world will continue to provide additional and significant barriers to entry against meaningful competition.

As of December 31, 2023, AVITA Medical’s patent portfolio comprised 22 patent grants and 31 pending patent applications worldwide, with patent coverage either secured or in progress in the U.S., China, Japan, Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, and at the European Patent Office (“EPO”).

AVITA Medical’s patent portfolio covers the original RECELL product, all-in-one RECELL, RECELL GO, methods of using the RECELL System, methods of evaluating the therapeutic potential of Regenerative Epidermal Suspension (“RES”), a cell-free and allogeneic RES supernate, and methods of preparing a cell suspension with exogenous agents to promote wound healing. We expect that our research and development pipeline, strategic partnerships, and improvements to the RECELL System and RES will result in additional and diverse patent applications in the next calendar year.

In 2019, AVITA Medical filed a Patent Term Extension (“PTE”) application with the U.S. Patent and Trademark for U.S. Patent No. 9,029,140, which covers the RECELL System, as a result of patent term lost to the FDA regulatory process. The PTE application was approved, and the patent term of U.S. Patent No. 9,029,140, has been extended to April 9, 2024. AVITA Medical’s other patents have expected expiration dates ranging from 2032 to 2033, while AVITA Medical’s pending patent applications, if granted, would have expiration dates ranging from 2032 to 2042.
 

Additionally, AVITA Medical owns and defends a global trademark portfolio comprising 142 registered trademarks, common or state law trademarks, and pending trademark applications, including “AVITA Medical,” the AVITA Medical logo, “RECELL,” “Spray-On Skin,” the RECELL System logo, “RES,” and others in the U.S. and international markets. In addition to patent and trademark protection, the Company also relies on trade secrets, know-how, and other proprietary information to develop and maintain our competitive position. We have robust confidentiality and invention disclosure procedures in place that incentivize our employees to innovate and allow us to maintain our rights to AVITA Medical innovations.

FACILITIES

AVITA Medical leases approximately 17,500 square feet of administrative and office space in Valencia, California that is currently leased through October 31, 2026. The Company operates an FDA-registered production plant in Ventura, California, in a 27,480 square foot facility that is currently leased through September 30, 2027. The Ventura facility has one 3-year option to extend the lease, at our sole option, which allows for a total lease extension period through September 30, 2030. The Company also has an administrative office lease in Irvine, California of approximately 10,700 square feet that is currently leased through the end of July

2028. We also lease a limited amount of incubator space in Irvine, California for scientific research and product development activities.

MANUFACTURING, SUPPLY AND PRODUCTION

We produce the RECELL System in the Ventura facility under current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMP”) and per ISO 13485, which also meets the regulatory requirements of other jurisdictions in which we sell the RECELL System. We maintain a state of regulatory compliance and inspection readiness at all times, and any future material changes to our production processes for the RECELL System will be submitted for approval to the FDA and regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions as required.

Within the Ventura facility we perform the final manufacturing, assembly, packaging, and warehousing of the RECELL System. Also included within the Ventura facility is a secure controlled-temperature warehouse that complies with the vendor-managed inventory (“VMI”) requirements of the contract with BARDA. The VMI contract with BARDA terminated on December 31, 2023.

AVITA Medical sources multiple components, sub-assemblies, and materials from third-party suppliers, who are required to meet our cGMP quality specifications and associated regulatory requirements. To ensure continuity of supply, we maintain multiple sources of supply for key components, subassemblies and materials, and the majority of critical raw materials and services have multiple qualified suppliers. While a small number of materials remain single sourced, we are actively working to qualify and validate additional suppliers for these materials as we continue to evaluate methods of removing risk from the supply chain for the RECELL System. We believe that our current manufacturing capacity at the Ventura facility is sufficient to meet the expected commercial demand for the RECELL System for burns, as well as other indications under development, for the foreseeable future.

AVITA Medical serves the U.S. burn market by shipping the RECELL System directly from our Ventura facility to U.S. burn centers. From time-to-time we may also store small quantities of the RECELL System at satellite distribution sites within the U.S. to better support access of the RECELL System to our U.S. customers.

BARDA CONTRACT

We have a contract with BARDA, under the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The contract provided funding for the development of the RECELL System. We entered into the contract on September 29, 2015, with the original contract period ending on December 31, 2023. We have executed a contract modification with BARDA to extend the period of performance to September 28, 2025.

Under the original contract, BARDA has provided funding and technical support for the development of the RECELL System. BARDA funded the completion of two randomized, controlled pivotal clinical trials, as well as Compassionate Use and Continued Access programs, and development of the health economic model demonstrating the cost savings associated with the RECELL System. BARDA exercised a contract option to fund a randomized, controlled clinical trial for a pediatric early intervention study which commenced enrollment in March 2020, and closed to enrollment in June 2021, subsequent to FDA-approval of an expanded RECELL indication for use that includes treatment of pediatric patients. The BARDA contract also supported the Company’s clinical trial in soft-tissue reconstruction, which led to the full-thickness skin defect indication. Also included in the BARDA contract was a provision for procurement of the RECELL System under a vendor-managed inventory system to bolster emergency preparedness in the amount of $7.6 million and an additional $1.6 million to support the logistics of emergency deployment of RECELL Systems for use in mass casualty or other emergency situations. We were contracted to manage this inventory of product until the earlier of the federal government requesting shipment or at contract termination on December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, we had received cumulative payments of $40.3 million under the original BARDA contract. Under the new contract, BARDA shall have access to AVITA Medical’s RECELL inventory in the event of a national emergency. BARDA shall pay for the devices requisitioned under this inventory along with a nominal annual maintenance fee to ensure first right of access.

COMPETITION

We currently believe that there is no direct competition for the RECELL system. Additionally, our innovative technology is supported by robust intellectual property rights and we believe that regulatory approval processes around the world will continue to provide additional and significant barriers to entry against meaningful competition. Despite these meaningful competitive advantages, the medical device, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical industries are highly competitive and subject to rapid advancements in technology, as well as changes in practice. In the future, we may face competition from various sources, including medical device, pharmaceutical, and wound care companies, academic and medical institutions, governmental agencies, medical practitioners, and public and private research institutions, among others. Consequently, any product that we successfully develop and/or commercialize will compete with both existing therapies and any new therapies that may emerge in the future.

In the burns and non-burn wound markets, our indirect competitor is primarily split-thickness autografts. While RECELL complements autografts for the treatment of various wound injuries, split-thickness autografts represent the traditional surgical procedure and the current standard of care. However, based on our clinical trials, we believe that the RECELL system offers sustainable competitive clinical and economic advantages over the traditional surgical procedure. Additionally, in the burns market, Vericel Corporation markets Epicel® as a permanent skin replacement for deep-dermal or full-thickness burns; however, Epicel is a cultured epidermal autograft grown ex vivo and exclusively used to treat burns comprised of greater than or equal to 30% of TBSA.

GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS

The production and marketing of the RECELL System and any additional product candidates developed in future ongoing research and development activities are subject to regulation by numerous governmental authorities including the FDA in the U.S. and similar agencies in other countries throughout the world. Pursuant to its authority under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the “FD&C Act”), the FDA has jurisdiction over medical devices in the U.S. The FDA regulates the design, development, manufacturing, and distribution of medical devices to ensure that medical products distributed domestically are safe and effective for their intended uses. The FD&C Act classifies medical devices into one of three categories based on the risks associated with the device and the level of control necessary to provide reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness. Devices deemed by the FDA to pose the greatest risk, such as life-sustaining, life-supporting or implantable devices, or devices deemed not substantially equivalent to a previously 510(k) cleared device are categorized as Class III. These devices typically require submission and approval of a PMA. The RECELL System is categorized as a Class III medical device, and in September 2018 the FDA granted our PMA for use in the treatment of acute thermal burns in patients 18 years and older. In June 2021, the FDA approved a supplement to our PMA to expand the use of RECELL in pediatric patients with full-thickness burns. In June 2023, the FDA approved a supplement to our PMA to expand the use of RECELL for full-thickness skin defects and an original PMA to expand the use of RECELL for the repigmentation of stable depigmented vitiligo lesions.

To support PMA supplements in the U.S. or applications for approval in other regions, the completion of additional clinical and non-clinical studies and supporting development activities will likely be required. Clinical trials can take many years to complete and require the expenditure of substantial resources. The length of time varies substantially according to the type, complexity, novelty and intended use of the product candidate. We cannot make any assurances that once clinical trials are completed by us or a collaborative partner, that we will be able to submit as scheduled a marketing approval request to the applicable governmental regulatory authority, or that such request and application will be reviewed and cleared by such governmental authority in a timely manner, or at all. Although we intend to make use of fast-track and abbreviated regulatory approval programs when possible and commercially appropriate, we cannot be certain that we will be able to obtain the clearances and approvals necessary for clinical testing or for manufacturing and marketing our product candidates. Delays in obtaining regulatory approvals could adversely affect the development and commercialization of our product candidates and could adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations. During the course of clinical trials and non-clinical studies, product candidates may exhibit unforeseen and unacceptable safety considerations. If any unacceptable side effects were to occur, we may, or regulatory authorities may require us to, interrupt, limit, delay or abort the development of our potential products.

Any products manufactured or distributed by us pursuant to regulatory approvals are subject to continuing regulation by the FDA and similar agencies in other countries, including maintaining records supporting manufacturing and distribution under cGMP regulations, periodic reporting, advertising, promotion, compliance with any post-approval requirements imposed as a conditional of approval, recordkeeping and reporting requirements, including adverse events experiences. After approval, material changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications or other labeling claims, or changes to the manufacturing process, are subject to prior approval by FDA and other regulatory agencies. Medical device manufacturers and their subcontractors are required to register their establishments with the FDA, certain state agencies and international agencies. Subcontractors are subject to periodic announced and unannounced inspections by the FDA and other agencies for compliance with cGMP requirements. We have established processes in place for categorization of vendor criticality and the associated activities for qualification and monitoring of vendors. These activities include but are not limited to, requiring certification of supplier in conformance to relevant cGMP regulations and other FDA and international agency regulatory requirements, approved supplier lists, and regular Company conducted audits. In addition, all goods and services purchased from suppliers by us must be purchased from only those suppliers on the approved supplier list. Furthermore, the Company itself will continue to comply with all relevant FDA requirements and regulations and any applicable international agency regulatory requirements in its continued manufacturing and promotion of its FDA approved commercial product.

In addition to FDA approval in the U.S., the RECELL System has received various approvals and registrations in international markets. The RECELL System is TGA-registered in Australia, received CE-mark approval in Europe, and received Japan’s Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Act (PMDA) approval for burns in Japan.

HEALTHCARE LAWS AND REGULATIONS

AVITA Medical is a manufacturer of a medical device and therefore we are subject to regulations by the FDA and various federal and state healthcare laws and regulations. These regulations govern our advertising and promotional practices, our interactions with healthcare providers (“HCPs”), and our reporting of any payments made to HCPs. AVITA Medical is committed to the highest standards of business conduct in accordance with the AdvaMed Code of Ethics.

Interactions with Healthcare Providers

Providing any benefits or advantages to HCPs in order to induce or encourage the use or referral of AVITA products is strictly prohibited by both U.S. and international laws and regulations. Restrictions under applicable Federal and State healthcare laws and regulations include but are not limited to the following:

Additionally, certain state laws require medical device companies to comply with voluntary guidelines in our interactions with healthcare providers promulgated by global trade associations and relevant compliance guidance issued by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General. Such laws prohibit medical device manufacturers from offering or providing certain types of payments or gifts to health care providers; and/or require the disclosure of gifts or payments to healthcare providers.

Interactions with Foreign Officials and Entities

The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) prohibits any U.S. individual or business from paying, offering, or authorizing payment or offering of anything of value, directly or indirectly, to any foreign official, political party, or candidate for the purpose of influencing any act or decision of the foreign entity in order to assist the individual or business in obtaining or retaining business. The FCPA also obligates companies whose securities are listed in the U.S. to comply with accounting provisions requiring the companies to maintain books and records that accurately and fairly reflect all transactions of the companies, including international subsidiaries, and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls for international operations. We are also subject to similar regulations under the Australian bribery laws and other anti-corruption laws that apply in countries where we do business.

Federal and State Reporting

Pursuant to the federal National Physician Payment Transparence Program (Open Payments) Act, AVITA Medical is required to report annually to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Additionally, in adhering to federal reporting requirements, all relevant state marketing reporting regulations, any payments, and transfers of value to physicians and teaching hospitals, as well as other categories of disclosures must be reported annually.

Privacy

AVITA Medical must comply with the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”) which imposes criminal and civil liability for, among other conduct, making false statements relating to healthcare matters and executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program. It also imposes criminal and civil liability and penalties on those who violate requirements such as mandatory contractual terms which are intended to safeguard the security, transmission and use of individually identifiable health information.

Various state and foreign laws also govern the privacy and security of health information such as the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”). GDPR governs the use of individual health data and other personal information and imposes strict obligations and restrictions on the ability to use, access, process, and disseminate health data from clinical trials and adverse event reporting, among others.

ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH AND SAFETY MATTERS

We are subject to extensive environmental, health and safety laws and regulations in a number of jurisdictions, primarily in California and the U.S., governing, among other things: the use, storage, registration, handling, emission and disposal of chemicals, waste materials and sewage; chemicals, air, water and ground contamination; and air emissions and the cleanup of contaminated sites, including any contamination that could result from spills due to our failure to properly dispose of production waste materials. Our operations at our Ventura manufacturing facility produce a small amount of waste materials that are considered minimally hazardous, and we use a third-party waste disposal company to remove any waste generated during operations from the facility. Our activities require permits from various governmental authorities including local municipal authorities. Local and state authorities may conduct periodic inspections in order to review and ensure our compliance with the various regulations. We are not presently aware of any violations or deficiencies. These laws, regulations and permits could potentially require the expenditure by us for compliance or remediation.

AVAILABLE INFORMATION

The Company files annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other documents with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) under the Exchange Act. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The public can obtain any documents that we file with the SEC at www.sec.gov. In addition, copies of announcements made by the Company to ASX are available on the ASX website (www.asx.com.au) and also, under the heading “Investors: Press Releases” at the following link on our website (https://ir.avitamedical.com/press-releases). We maintain a website at www.avitamedical.com. Since becoming a domestic U.S. issuer on July 1, 2020, our filings with the SEC, including without limitation, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, are available free of charge on our website under the heading “Investors: Financials _SEC Filings” at the following link on our website (https://ir.avitamedical.com/financials/sec-filings), as soon as reasonably practicable after we file or furnish them electronically with the SEC. Information contained on our website is not part of or incorporated into this annual report.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

Prior to the Corporate Restructuring initiated during fourth quarter, the Company had a total of six subsidiaries and their corporate details and business activities are listed below:

By the end of the fourth quarter of 2023 the business activities of AVITA Medical Pty Limited, AVITA Medical Europe Limited, Visiomed Group Pty Ltd, C3 Operations Pty Ltd and Infamed Pty Ltd were liquidated. AVITA Medical Americas LLC was transferred from C3 Operations Pty Ltd to be directly held by the Company in preparation for each of AVITA Medical Pty Limited, AVITA Medical Europe Limited, Visiomed Group Pty Ltd, C3 Operations Pty Ltd and Infamed Pty Ltd to be deregistered during the course of 2024.

After the Corporate Reorganization (expected to occur by the end of the third quarter in 2024), the Company’s entity structure will be as follows:

Item 1A. RISK FACTORS

Our business faces significant risks. You should carefully consider all of the information set forth in this annual report, including the following risk factors. Our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected by any of these risks, and in such event, the trading price of our common stock would likely decline, and you might lose all or part of your investment. This Annual Report also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, and our results could materially differ from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. See “Forward-Looking Statements” included elsewhere within this Annual Report for a discussion of certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions associated with these statements.

Risks Related to Our Business Operations

We have experienced significant losses, expect losses to continue for the foreseeable future and may never achieve or maintain profitability.

Although we have begun full scale marketing and sales of our RECELL® System in the United States and other jurisdictions, we have not yet achieved profitability. We had a total net loss of $35.4 million and $26.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. We have incurred a cumulative deficit of $298.0 million through December 31, 2023. We anticipate that we may continue to incur losses at least until U.S. sales of the RECELL System are adequate to fund operating expenses. We may not be able to successfully achieve or sustain profitability. Successful transition to profitable operations is dependent upon achieving a level of revenues adequate to support our cost structure, including in new markets for which we are not presently approved.

Servicing our debt requires a significant amount of cash and we are subject to a number of restrictive covenants relating to our indebtedness, which may restrict our business and financing activities.

Pursuant to the Credit Agreement that the Company entered with OrbiMed Advisors, LLC ("Credit Agreement") on October 18, 2023, we incurred $40.0 million of indebtedness secured by substantially all of our assets and have the ability to incur an additional $50.0 million of indebtedness. This level of debt could have significant consequences on future operations, including increasing our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions and limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the markets in which we compete.

Our ability to make scheduled payments of interest depends on our future performance, which is subject to interest rate risk, economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. We are exposed to risks related to a potential rising interest rate environment for the debt, which could cause our borrowing costs to rise and impact our liquidity. Our business may not generate cash flow from operations in the future sufficient to service our debt in cash and make necessary capital expenditures. In addition, if the Company’s net revenue does not equal or exceed a certain amount for upcoming fiscal periods as set forth in the Credit Agreement, then the Company will be required to repay five percent of the outstanding principal amount of its indebtedness in equal quarterly installments, in addition to a repayment fee and a prepayment fee.

If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy payment obligations under the Credit Agreement, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as obtaining additional equity capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. We may not be able to engage in any of these activities or engage in these activities on desirable terms, which could result in a default on our debt obligations.

The restrictions and covenants in the Credit Agreement may also prevent us from taking actions that we believe would be in the best interests of our business, and may make it difficult for us to successfully execute our business strategy or effectively compete with companies that are not similarly restricted. Our ability to comply with these covenants in future periods will largely depend on the success of our products, and our ability to successfully implement our overall business strategy. We may be unsuccessful in obtaining waivers or amendments to restrictions and covenants in the agreements. The breach of any of these covenants and restrictions could result in a default under the Credit Agreement, which could result in an acceleration of the repayment of our indebtedness.

Provisions in our U.S. government contracts, may affect our intellectual property rights.

Certain of our activities have been funded, and may in the future be funded, by the U.S. government, including through previous contracts with BARDA. When new technologies are developed with U.S. government funding, the government obtains certain rights in any resulting patents, including the right to a nonexclusive license authorizing the government to use the invention and rights that may permit the government to disclose our confidential information to third parties and to exercise “march-in” rights. The government can exercise its march-in rights if it determines that action is necessary because we fail to achieve practical application of the U.S. government-funded technology, because action is necessary to alleviate health or safety needs, to meet requirements of federal regulations, or to give preference to U.S. industry. In addition, U.S. government-funded inventions must be reported to the government, U.S. government funding must be disclosed in any resulting patent applications, and our rights in such inventions may be subject to certain requirements to manufacture products in the United States.

Development and commercialization of our products require successful completion of the regulatory approval process and may suffer delays or fail. We may be unsuccessful in obtaining additional approvals for our RECELL System for full thickness skin defects and skin conditions such as vitiligo.

In the United States, as well as other jurisdictions, we have been and will be required to apply for and receive regulatory authorization before we can market our products. For instance, our RECELL System has been approved by the FDA and regulatory authorities in Australia, the EU and Japan for use in certain treatments of burns, acute wounds, scars and vitiligo. However, we will require additional clinical data or approvals from regulatory authorities within these countries to market the product for the treatment of other indications, and from any other jurisdictions in which we seek to market the product. This process can be time-consuming and complicated and may be unsuccessful or otherwise result in unanticipated delays or fail altogether. For example, on September 29, 2023, the Company received notice from the FDA that additional information regarding the Company’s PMA supplement for its latest device, RECELL GO is required for the continuation of the FDA’s review. This request, which is not unique to the Breakthrough Device Program, placed the application file on hold for approximately 4 to 6 months while the Company addresses the FDA's questions.

To secure marketing authorization, an applicant generally is required to submit an application that includes the data supporting preclinical and clinical safety and effectiveness as well as detailed information on the manufacturing and control of the product, proposed labeling and other additional information. Before marketing authorization is granted, regulatory authorities may require the inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities and quality systems (including those of third parties) at which the product candidate is manufactured and tested, as well as potential audits of the non-clinical and clinical trial sites that generated the data cited in the marketing authorization application.

We cannot predict whether any additional marketing authorizations will ultimately be granted or how long the applicable regulatory authority or agency will take to do so. Regulatory agencies, including the FDA, have substantial discretion in the approval process. In addition, the approval process and the requirements governing clinical trials vary from country to country. The policies of

the FDA or other regulatory authorities may change, and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay the necessary approval of any products we may develop and commercialize. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or elsewhere. If we are slow or unable to adapt to new or changed requirements, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained, and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

Additionally, any future regulatory approvals that we receive may also contain requirements for costly post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the safety and effectiveness of the product. Once a product is approved, the manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion, import, export, and record keeping for the product will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements. These requirements include submission of safety and other post-marketing reports, registration, and continued compliance with good manufacturing practices for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval.

Finally, per FDA regulations, changes made to products, specifications, or test data evaluation methodology would generally require communication with the FDA. There are several pathways for communicating with the FDA of such changes. As part of such review, the FDA may request additional information, at which time the product may become temporarily unavailable.

Our success depends, in part, on our relationships with, and the efforts of, third-party distributors.

We rely on third-party distributors for a portion of our sales in countries outside of the U.S. Our distributors may not commit the necessary resources to market and sell our products to the level of our expectations, and, regardless of the resources they commit, they may not be successful. If we are not able to maintain our distribution network, if our distribution network is not successful in marketing and selling our products, or if we experience a significant reduction in, cancellation, or change in the size and timing of orders from our distributors, our revenues could decline significantly and lead to an inability to meet operating cash flow requirements, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval for a product candidate in one jurisdiction does not mean that we will be successful in obtaining regulatory approval for that product candidate in other jurisdictions.

Obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval for a product in one jurisdiction does not guarantee that we will be able to obtain or maintain similar approval in other jurisdictions, while a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one jurisdiction may have a negative effect on the regulatory approval process in others. For example, even though the FDA has granted marketing approval for use of our RECELL System for the treatment full-thickness skin defects and vitiligo, comparable regulatory authorities in foreign jurisdictions must also approve the manufacturing, marketing and promotion of the product candidate in those countries if not currently approved. Approval procedures vary among jurisdictions and can involve requirements and administrative review periods different from, and greater than, those in the United States, including additional preclinical studies or clinical trials as clinical trials conducted in one jurisdiction may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions. In many jurisdictions outside the United States, a medical device must be approved for reimbursement before it can be approved for sale in that jurisdiction. In some cases, the price that we intend to charge for our products is also subject to approval.

We are highly dependent on our regulatory approval in the United States and failure to maintain that approval would materially impact our business and prospects.

Our business is highly dependent on the PMA we received in September 2018 from the FDA including subsequent secondary approvals of the PMA outside of burns. This PMA allows us to sell our RECELL System in the United States, our current primary market. While we intend to take every action and precaution to ensure that our PMA remains effective, it is possible that the FDA could take a position in the future that requires a modification, temporary suspension or revocation of our PMA. Any such action by the FDA would have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may encounter substantial delays in any further clinical studies necessary to support any regulatory applications for additional commercial applications of our technology.

We cannot guarantee that any preclinical testing or clinical trials will be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all. As a result, we may not achieve the expected clinical milestones necessary for approval by the FDA, or other regulators, for the use of our RECELL System for additional applications in the United States or other countries.

A failure in a clinical study or regulatory application can occur at any stage. Events that may prevent successful or timely

commencement, enrollment or completion of clinical development or a regulatory application include:

Delays, including delays caused by the above factors, can be costly and could negatively affect our ability to complete clinical trials for our product candidates. If we are not able to successfully complete clinical trials or are not able to do so in a timely and cost-effective manner, we will not be able to obtain regulatory approval for the use of our RECELL System for additional applications, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be unsuccessful in commercializing our RECELL System, or other future products, due to unfavorable pricing regulations or third-party coverage and reimbursement policies.

We cannot guarantee that we will receive favorable pricing and reimbursement for use of our products. The rules and regulations that govern pricing and reimbursement for medical products vary widely from country to country or from indication to indication, and within the United States, can also vary widely from one health system or hospital to the next. In some foreign jurisdictions, including the EU, the government largely controls pricing of medical products. In other countries, coverage negotiations must occur at the regional or hospital level. Pricing negotiations can take considerable time after the receipt of marketing approval for a medical product.

As a result, even after obtaining regulatory approval for a product in a particular country, we may be subject to price regulations or limited reimbursement, which may delay or limit our commercial launch of the product and negatively impact the revenue we are able to generate from the sale of the product in that country. Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability to recoup our total investment in our RECELL System or other future products, even after obtaining regulatory approval.

If we are unable to promptly obtain coverage and profitable payment rates from hospital budget, government-funded and private purchasers for the RECELL System or any future products, this could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize products and our overall financial condition.

For example, we presently benefit from various reimbursement codes, including the following:

In addition, in 2022, we were approved for a TPT C code to support additional Medicare payment in the outpatient hospital and the ASC setting. There can be no guarantee that the above reimbursement codes will not be withdrawn, reduced, consolidated or otherwise be altered in a manner which is not supportive of ongoing commercial use of the RECELL System.

We may require additional financing in the future to continue the development and commercialization of our RECELL System or any future products, which may cause dilution to our existing stockholders. If additional financing is not available, we may have to postpone, reduce or cease operations.

If we are unable to achieve profitability sufficient to permit us to fund our operations, repay the indebtedness under our Credit Agreement with OrbiMed and other planned actions, we may be required to raise additional capital. There can be no assurance that such capital would be available on favorable terms, or at all. If we raise additional capital through the issuance of equity, the percentage ownership held by existing stockholders may be reduced, and the market price of our common stock or CDIs could fall due to an increased number of shares or CDIs available for sale in the market. If we are unable to secure additional capital as circumstances require, we may not be able to fund our planned activities or continue our operations.

We face manufacturing risks that may adversely affect our ability to manufacture products and could reduce our gross margins and negatively affect our business and operating results.

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to manufacture our current and future products in sufficient quantities and on a timely basis to meet demand, while adhering to product quality standards, complying with regulatory quality system requirements and managing manufacturing costs. We have a manufacturing facility located in Ventura, California where we produce, package and warehouse the RECELL System. We also rely on global third-party manufacturers for production of some of the components used in the RECELL System. If our facility, or the facilities of our third-party contract manufacturers, suffer damage, or a force majeure event, this could materially impact our ability to operate.

We are also subject to other risks relating to our manufacturing capabilities, including:

As demand for our products increases, we will have to invest additional resources to purchase raw materials and components, sub-assemblies and materials, hire and train employees and enhance our manufacturing processes. If we fail to increase our production capacity efficiently to meet demand for our products, we may not be able to fill customer orders on a timely basis, our sales may not increase in line with our expectations and our operating margins could fluctuate or decline. It may not be possible for us to manufacture our products at a cost or in quantities sufficient to make these products commercially viable or to maintain current operating margins, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we are continually identifying additional third-party suppliers who could serve if necessary as replacement manufacturers should the need arise.

Certain of our products are dependent on specialized sources of supply potentially subject to disruption which could have a material, adverse impact on our business.

Due to the cost and regulatory requirements associated with qualifying multiple suppliers, in the prior year we single-sourced some of our material components. To the extent that any of these single-sourced suppliers experience disruptions in deliveries due to production, quality, or other issues, we are potentially subject to similar production delays or unfavorable cost increases. In the current year, we invested resources in obtaining additional suppliers for some of our key raw materials, but these efforts only mitigate, and not eliminate, our supply chain risk.

We rely on third parties to conduct, supervise and monitor our clinical trials. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our drug product candidates and our business could be substantially harmed.

We rely on clinical research organizations (“CRO”), and clinical trial sites to ensure our clinical trials are conducted properly and on time. While we will have agreements governing their activities, we will have limited influence over their actual performance. CROs manage and monitor the clinical trials, duties and functions, and we will control only certain aspects of our CROs’ activities. Nevertheless, we will be responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory and scientific standards, and our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities.

We and our CROs are required to comply with the FDA’s GCPs for conducting, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials to assure that the data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of clinical trial participants are protected. The FDA, and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, enforces these GCPs through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and clinical trial sites. If we or our CROs fail to comply with applicable GCPs, the clinical data generated in our future clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or other foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving any marketing applications.

If our CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations, fail to meet expected deadlines, or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements, or for any other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize, our product candidates. If any such event were to occur, our financial results and the commercial prospects for our product candidates would be harmed, our costs could increase, and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed. If any of our relationships with these third-party CROs terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs or to do so on commercially reasonable terms. Further, switching or adding additional CROs involves additional costs and requires management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CRO commences work. As a result, delays occur, which could materially impact our ability to meet our desired clinical development timelines. Though we carefully manage our relationships with our CROs, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.

Product recalls or inventory losses caused by unforeseen events may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

Our products are manufactured, stored and distributed using technically complex processes requiring specialized facilities, highly specific raw materials and other production constraints. The complexity of these processes, as well as strict company and government standards for the manufacture, storage and distribution of our product candidates, subjects us to risks. In addition, process deviations or unanticipated effects of approved process changes may result in production runs of our RECELL System not complying with stability requirements or specifications. The occurrence or suspected occurrence of production and distribution difficulties can lead to lost inventories and in some cases product recalls, with consequential reputational damage and the risk of product liability. The investigation and remediation of any identified problems can cause production delays, substantial expense, lost sales and delays of new product launches. In the event our production efforts require a recall or result in an inventory loss, our operating results and financial condition may be adversely affected.

A cyber security incident could be disruptive to our business, compromise confidential data, cause reputation harm, and subject us to litigation and federal and state governmental inquiries.

We collect and store sensitive business and other information, including intellectual property and trade secrets, on our networks. Our business operations are dependent upon the secure maintenance of this information. Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer and information technology systems and those of our vendors and customers are vulnerable to attack and damage from computer viruses, malware, denial of service attacks, unauthorized access, or other harm, including from threat actors seeking to cause disruption to our business. We face risks related to the protection of information that we maintain—or engage a third-party to maintain on our behalf—including unauthorized access, acquisition, use, disclosure, or modification of such information. Cyberattacks are increasing in their frequency, sophistication and intensity and have become increasingly difficult to detect. Cyberattacks could include the deployment of harmful malware, ransomware, denial-of-service attacks, social engineering and other means to affect service reliability and threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information. Beyond external criminal activity, systems that access or control access to our services and databases may be compromised as a result of human error, fraud or malice on the part of employees or third parties, or may result from accidental technological failure. A material cyberattack or security incident could cause interruptions in our operations and could result in a material disruption of our business operations, damage to our reputation, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects.

We receive, collect, process, use and store a large amount of information from our customers and our own employees, including personal information, protected health and other sensitive and confidential information. If threat actors are able to circumvent or breach our security systems, they could steal any information located therein or cause serious and potentially long-lasting disruption to our operations. Security breaches or attempts thereof could also damage our reputation and expose us to a risk of monetary loss and/or litigation, fines and sanctions. We also face risks associated with security breaches affecting third parties that conduct business with us or our customers and others who interact with our data. While we maintain insurance that covers certain security incidents, we may not carry appropriate insurance or maintain sufficient coverage to compensate for all potential liability.

We are subject to diverse laws and regulations relating to data privacy and security, such as HIPPA and similar U.S. state data protection regulations, including the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), and European data privacy laws, including the E.U.’s General Data Protection Regulation. Complying with these numerous and complex regulations is expensive and difficult, and failure to comply with these regulations could result in regulatory scrutiny, fines, civil liability or damage to our reputation. In addition, any security breach or attempt thereof could result in liability for stolen assets or information, additional costs associated with repairing any system damage, incentives offered to clients or other business partners to maintain business relationships after a breach, and implementation of measures to prevent future breaches, including organizational changes, deployment of additional personnel and protection technologies, employee training and engagement of third-party experts and consultants. Additionally, the costs incurred to remediate any security incident could be substantial.

We cannot assure you that any of our third-party service providers with access to our, or our customers and/or employees’ personally identifiable and other sensitive or confidential information will not experience security breaches or attempts thereof, which could have a corresponding effect on our business.

We rely on information technology systems for critical business functions and the operations of our business.

We rely upon complex, integrated information technology (“IT”) systems in our business functions including our quality systems to operate our business. If any of our IT systems were to be disrupted or fail, our business could suffer irreparable harm, financial loss, and our operations would be adversely impacted.

The markets in which we operate are highly competitive and innovative. Our competitors may develop products that render our products less attractive or obsolete and our business may deteriorate.

The markets for our products are highly competitive and our competitors may develop products that may more effectively compete with our products, thus negatively impacting our sales, financial conditions and business prospects. Our competitors may have significantly more financial and other resources to invest in product development. We must continue to develop and market new products, or we risk our products becoming obsolete, in which case, our revenues may decline, and our business prospects may suffer.

Product development is an expensive, uncertain and lengthy process.

We have significant product development projects ongoing that, if successful, are intended to improve the ease and use of our device in our current burn indication, as well as in full-thickness skin defects, vitiligo and future indications. The costs, timeline and ultimate success of these product development programs are subject to risk and uncertainty. If we are not able to develop and obtain regulatory approval for these products in development in a timely fashion and within budget, our business prospects and financial condition may suffer.

Compliance with environmental, health and safety requirements is costly and, if not achieved, could result in material financial fines and penalties, expensive lawsuits, cessation of business operations, and a material adverse impact on the business.

Our manufacturing and other processes may involve the use of hazardous materials subject to federal, state, and local and foreign environmental requirements. Under some environmental laws and regulations, we could be held responsible for costs at third-party sites that we have used for waste disposal, or for contamination at our past or present facilities. Failure to comply with current environmental laws, or future laws, could result in significant fines, penalties and expenses which could have an adverse impact on our financial condition.

We may be subject to civil and criminal penalties if the FDA determines that we have marketed or promoted our products for off-label usage.

We are prohibited from promoting our products for uses that are inconsistent with the uses that have been approved by the FDA - also known as “off-label” uses. More specifically, we may not make claims, in our promotion materials, website or otherwise,

about the use of any RECELL products which are outside of their approved labeling and indications. If the FDA determines that our marketing activities constitute off-label promotion, the FDA could impose fines and penalties on the Company and our executives, withdraw or recall our approved product from the market, as well as limit our product from off-label usage.

Risks Relating to our Industry and Intellectual Property

We face competition from the existing standard of care and any future potential changes in medical practice and technology and the possibility that our competitors may develop products, treatments or procedures that are similar, more advanced, safer or more effective than ours.

The medical device, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, specifically relating to the areas where we currently or intend to market our RECELL System, are intensely competitive and subject to significant changes due to technology and medical practice standards. We may face competition from any number of different sources with respect to any products we develop and commercialize.

Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products, treatments or procedures that are safer, more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects, are more convenient or are less expensive than our RECELL System or any future products we develop. Many of our current or future competitors may have significantly greater financial resources and experience and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing approved products than we may have. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical, medical device, and biotechnology industries or wound care markets may result in increased concentration of resources among a smaller number of our competitors. Other early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These companies compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs.

We could be subject to product liability lawsuits, which could result in costly and time-consuming litigation and significant liabilities.

The development of medical device products, such as our RECELL System, involves an inherent risk of product liability claims and associated financial liability and adverse publicity. Any products we may develop could be found to be harmful or to contain harmful substances and expose us to substantial liability and risk of litigation or may force us to discontinue production. We may be unable to obtain or maintain insurance on reasonable terms or otherwise protect ourselves against potential product liability claims that could impede or prevent further business development of any products we may create and commercialize. Furthermore, a product liability claim could damage our reputation, whether or not such claims are covered by insurance or have merit. A product liability claim against us or the withdrawal of a product from the market could have a material adverse effect on our business or financial condition. Furthermore, product liability lawsuits, regardless of their success, would likely be time consuming and expensive to resolve and would divert management’s time and attention, which could seriously harm our business.

If we are unable to effectively protect our intellectual property, we may not be able to operate our business and third parties may be able to use and profit from our technology, both of which would impair our ability to be competitive.

Our success will be heavily dependent on our ability to obtain and maintain meaningful patent protection for our technologies and products throughout the world. Patent law relating to the technology fields in which we will operate is still evolving. The amount of ongoing protection for our proprietary rights therefore is uncertain. We will rely on patents to protect a significant part of our intellectual property and to enhance our competitive position. However, our presently pending or future patent applications may be denied, and any patent previously issued to us or our subsidiaries may be challenged, invalidated, held unenforceable or circumvented. In 2019, we filed a Patent Term Extension (“PTE”) application with the U.S. Patent and Trademark for U.S. Patent No. 9,029,140, which covers the RECELL System, as a result of patent term lost to the FDA regulatory process. The PTE application was approved, and the patent term of U.S. Patent No. 9,029,140, has been extended to April 9, 2024. Our other patents have expected expiration dates ranging from 2032 to 2033, while our pending patent applications, if granted, would have expiration dates ranging from 2032 to 2042. Furthermore, the patent protections we have been granted may not be broad enough to prevent competitors from producing products similar to ours.

In addition, the laws of various foreign countries in which we may compete may not protect our intellectual property to the same extent as do the laws of the United States. If we fail to obtain adequate patent protection for our proprietary technology, our ability to be commercially competitive will be materially impaired.

In the ordinary course of business and as appropriate, we intend to apply for additional patents covering both our technologies and products, as we deem appropriate. Our existing patents and any future patents we obtain may not be sufficiently broad to prevent others from practicing our technologies or developing competing products and technologies. In addition, because patent law is evolving in the life science industry, the patent positions of companies like ours are uncertain. As a result, the validity and enforceability of our patents cannot be predicted with certainty.

We may find it difficult to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on all of our technologies and products in every jurisdiction is expensive. Competitors could reverse engineer our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products. These products may compete with our products and may not be covered by any patent claims or other intellectual property rights.

The laws of some countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States and many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending such rights in foreign jurisdictions. This lack of protection, particularly in relation to biotechnology, could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial cost and divert the efforts and attention of key personnel from other aspects of our business.

We may incur substantial costs as a result of litigation or other proceedings relating to patent and other intellectual property rights and we may be unable to protect our rights to, or use of, our technology.

If we choose to go to court to stop someone else from using the intellectual property claimed in our patents or our licensed patents, that individual or company has the right to ask the court to rule that these patents are invalid and/or should not be enforced against that third party. These lawsuits are expensive and would distract our key personnel and consume time and other resources, even if we were successful in stopping the infringement of these patents. In addition, there is a risk that a court will decide that these patents are invalid or unenforceable and that we do not have the right to stop the other party from using the inventions or, even if the validity or enforceability of these patents is upheld, the court may refuse to stop the other party because the competitors’ activities do not infringe our rights.

If third parties make claims of intellectual property infringement against us, or otherwise seek to establish their intellectual property rights equal or superior to ours, we may have to spend time and money in response and potentially discontinue certain of our operations.

While we currently do not believe it to be the case, third parties may claim that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization or that we are infringing on their patents. If such claims were made, we could incur substantial costs coupled with diversion of our management and key technical personnel in defending against these claims. Furthermore, parties making claims against us may be able to obtain injunctive or other equitable relief which could effectively halt our ability to further develop, commercialize and sell products. In the event of a successful claim of infringement, courts may order us to pay damages and obtain one or more licenses from third parties. We may not be able to obtain these licenses at a reasonable cost, if at all. Defense of any lawsuit or failure to obtain any of these licenses could prevent us from commercializing available products and have a material negative effect on our business.

Our current and future relationships with investigators, health care professionals, consultants, third-party payors, and customers will be subject to applicable healthcare regulatory laws, which could expose us to penalties.

Our business operations and current and future relationships with investigators, healthcare professionals, consultants, third-party payors and customers may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations. These laws regulate the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we conduct our operations, including how we research, market, sell and distribute our products for which we obtain marketing approval. Such laws include:

Defending against any such actions can be costly, time-consuming and may require significant financial and personnel resources. Therefore, even if we are successful in defending against any such actions that may be brought against us, our business may be impaired.

The continued successful commercialization of the RECELL system for FDA approved and pending indications, will depend in part on the extent to which government authorities and health insurers establish adequate reimbursement levels and pricing policies.

Continued sales of the RECELL System depend in part on the availability of coverage and reimbursement from third-party payers such as government insurance programs, including Medicare and Medicaid, private health insurers, health maintenance organizations and other health care related organizations, who are increasingly challenging the price of medical products and services.

Both the federal and state governments in the United States continue to propose and pass new legislation, regulations, and policies affecting coverage and reimbursement rates, which are designed to contain or reduce the cost of health care. Further federal and state proposals and healthcare reforms are likely, which could limit the prices that can be charged for the RECELL System and may further limit our commercial opportunity. For example, on August 16, 2022, President Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act

of 2022, or the IRA, into law, which among other things, extends enhanced subsidies for individuals purchasing health insurance coverage in Affordable Care Act marketplaces through plan year 2025. The IRA also eliminates the “donut hole” under the Medicare Part D program beginning in 2025 by significantly lowering the beneficiary maximum out-of-pocket cost through a newly established manufacturer discount program. It is possible that the Affordable Care Act will be subject to judicial or Congressional challenges in the future. Accordingly, we continue to evaluate the effect that the Affordable Care Act has on our business.

There also may be future changes unrelated to the IRA that result in reductions in potential coverage and reimbursement levels for our product and we cannot predict the scope of any future changes or the impact that those changes would have on our operations. Cost control initiatives may decrease coverage and payment levels and, in turn, the price that we will be able to charge and/or the volume of our sales. We are unable to predict all changes to the coverage or reimbursement methodologies that will be applied by private or government payers. Any denial of private or government payer coverage, such as the Affordable Care Act, the IRA, as well as other federal, state, and foreign healthcare reform measures that have been and may be adopted in the future, or inadequate reimbursement could harm our business and reduce our revenue. Additionally, if rebate obligations associated with them are substantially greater than we expect, our future net revenue and profitability could be materially diminished.

Macroeconomic and Social Risks

Adverse changes in general economic conditions or uncertainty about future economic conditions, including economic uncertainty from the departures of critical personnel from the industry, could adversely affect us.

We are subject to the risks arising from adverse changes in general economic market conditions. Uncertainty about future economic conditions could negatively affect our current and prospective customers causing them to delay the purchase of our products. Poor economic conditions could harm our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. In addition, a number of nurses and other critical personnel in burn centers who are trained and well versed in the use of the RECELL system have determined to change occupations. Nationally, this has been termed the “great resignation”. The fact that many burn center employees have moved on to other positions or industries may limit our ability to increase adoption of our RECELL system as we will be required to train a new group of nurses and other personnel critical to the implementation of the RECELL system.

Customer and consumer demand for our products may be impacted by weak economic conditions, recession, equity market volatility or other negative economic factors in the U.S. or other nations. The severity and length of time that a downturn in economic and financial market conditions may persist, as well as the timing, strength and sustainability of any recovery from such downturn, are unknown and are beyond our control.

Risks Relating to Our Common Stock and CDIs

We have never paid a dividend on our common stock and CDIs and do not intend to do so in the foreseeable future, and consequently, investors’ only opportunity to realize a return on their investment in the Company is through the appreciation in the price of our common stock and CDIs.

We do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our common stock and CDIs in the foreseeable future and intend to retain all earnings, if any, for our operations. If we decided to pay dividends at some future time, we may not have sufficient funds legally available to do so. Even if funds are legally available for distribution, we may be unable to pay any dividends to our stockholders because of limitations imposed by a lack of liquidity. Accordingly, our stockholders may have to sell some or all of their common stock or CDIs (as applicable) in order to generate cash flow from their investment. Our stockholders may not receive a gain on their investment when they sell their common stock or CDIs and may lose some or all of their investment. Any determination to pay dividends in the future on our common stock and CDIs will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our results of operations, financial conditions, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable law, capital requirements, and other factors that our Board of Directors deems relevant.

As long as we remain subject to the rules of the ASX and of Nasdaq, we will be unable to access equity capital without stockholder approval if such equity capital sales would result in an equity issuance above regulatory thresholds and consequently, we may be unable to obtain financing sufficient to sustain our business if we are unsuccessful in soliciting requisite stockholder approvals.

Our ability to access equity capital is currently limited by ASX Listing Rule 7.1, which provides that a company must not, subject to specified exceptions, issue or agree to issue during any consecutive 12-month period any equity securities, or other securities with rights to conversion to equity, if the number of those securities in aggregate would exceed 15% of the number of outstanding common shares at the commencement of that 12-month period unless stockholder approval is obtained.

Our equity issuances will be limited by ASX Listing Rule 7.1 so long as we continue to be listed on the ASX and this constraint may prevent us from raising the full amount of equity capital needed for operations without prior stockholder approval.

In addition to ASX Listing Rule 7.1, we are also subject to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(d), commonly referred to as the Nasdaq 20% Rule, which requires stockholder approval of a transaction other than a public offering involving the sale, issuance, or potential issuance by a company of common stock (or securities convertible into or exercisable for common stock) equal to 20% or more of the common stock, or 20% or more of the voting power outstanding before the issuance for less than the greater of book or market value of the shares. While less restrictive than ASX Listing Rule 7.1, the operation of the Nasdaq 20% rule could limit our ability to raise capital through issuance of common stock or convertible securities without jeopardizing our listing status. If we were to violate the Nasdaq 20% rule, the Company would be subject to delisting from Nasdaq and share prices and trading volumes would likely suffer.

There has been relatively limited trading volume in the markets for our common stock and CDIs, and more active, liquid trading markets for such securities may never develop.

Trading in our common stock on Nasdaq and our CDIs on the ASX is often thin and susceptible to wide fluctuations in trading prices due to such limited trading volume and other factors, some of which may have little to do with our operations or business prospects. Limited liquidity in the trading markets for our common stock and CDIs may adversely affect a stockholder’s ability to sell its shares of our common stock or our CDIs at the time it wishes to sell them or at a price that it considers acceptable. In addition, if a more active, liquid public trading market does not develop we may be limited in our ability to raise capital by selling shares of common stock or CDIs. We cannot assure you that more active, liquid public trading markets for our common stock and CDIs will develop or, if developed, will be sustained.

The market price and trading volume of our common stock and CDIs may be volatile and may be affected by variability in our performance from period to period and economic conditions beyond management’s control.

The market price of our common stock (including common stock represented by CDIs) may be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations. This means that our stockholders could experience a decrease in the value of their common stock or CDIs regardless of our operating performance or prospects. The market prices of securities of companies operating in the medical device and biotech sectors have often experienced fluctuations that have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating results of these companies. In addition, the trading volume of our common stock and CDIs may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. If the market price of our common stock or CDIs declines significantly, our stockholders may be unable to resell our common stock or CDIs at or above their purchase price, if at all. There can be no assurance that the market price of our common stock and CDIs will not fluctuate or significantly decline in the future.

Some specific factors that could negatively affect the price of our common stock and CDIs or result in fluctuations in their price and trading volume include:

The requirements of being a public company in the United States and listed on the ASX may strain our resources and divert management’s attention.

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), the Dodd-Frank Act and the listing standards and the rules and regulations of Nasdaq. We are also subject to the reporting requirements under the ASX Listing Rules due to the listing of our CDIs on ASX. The requirements of these rules and regulations will increase our legal, accounting and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time consuming and costly, and can place significant strain on our personnel, systems and resources. As a result of our disclosure of information in filings required of a public company, our business and financial condition is more visible, which may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors, stockholders or third parties. If such claims are successful, our business and operating results could be harmed, and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management and harm our business and operating results.

We are an emerging growth company, and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies may make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (“JOBS Act”). For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of certain exemptions and relief from various U.S. reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including (i) not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (ii) having the option of delaying the adoption of certain new or revised financial accounting standards, (iii) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and (iv) exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We have taken, and in the future may take, advantage of these exemptions until such time that we are no longer an emerging growth company. Accordingly, the information contained herein and in other reports we file with the SEC may be different than the information our investors receive from other public companies in which they hold stock. Further, we have elected to take advantage of the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. As a result, our operating results and financial statements may not be comparable to the operating results and financial statements of other companies who have adopted the new or revised accounting standards. It is possible that some investors will find our common stock and CDIs less attractive as a result, which may result in a less active trading market for our common stock and CDIs and higher volatility in our stock and CDI price.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the first sale of our common stock pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act which, given the filing of the S-8 Registration Statement on August 27, 2020, will be December 31, 2025, (ii) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion, (iii) the last day of the fiscal year in which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, or (iv) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period.

If research analysts publish unfavorable commentary or downgrade our common stock or CDIs it could adversely affect our share price and trading volume.

The trading market for our common stock and CDIs depends, in part, on the research and reports that research analysts publish about us and our business and industry. If one or more research analysts downgrade our shares or CDIs, publish unfavorable commentary about the Company or cease publishing reports about us or our business, the price of our common stock and CDIs could decline. If one or more of the research analysts ceases coverage of our company or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock and CDIs could decrease, which could cause our share price or trading volume to decline.

General Risk Factors

The Company's cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities could be adversely affected by bank failures or other events affecting financial institutions and could adversely affect our liquidity and financial performance.

We regularly maintain domestic cash deposits in Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insured banks, which exceed the FDIC insurance limits. We also maintain cash deposits in foreign banks where we operate, some of which are not insured or are only partially insured by the FDIC or other similar agencies. The failure or rumored failure of a bank, or events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance, bankruptcy, receivership or other adverse developments in the financial or credit markets impacting financial institutions, may lead to disruptions in access to our bank deposits. These disruptions may adversely impact our liquidity and financial performance. There can be no assurance that our deposits in excess of the FDIC or other comparable insurance limits will be backstopped by the U.S. or applicable foreign government, or that any bank or financial institution with which we do business will be able to obtain needed liquidity from other banks, government institutions or by acquisition in the event of a failure or liquidity crisis. As such, those funds in bank deposit accounts in excess of the standard FDIC insurance limits are uninsured and subject to the risk of bank failure.

Currently, we have full access to all funds in deposit accounts or other money management arrangements. The failure of any bank in which we deposit our funds could reduce the amount of cash that we have available for our operations or delay our ability to access such funds. In the event of such failure, we may experience delays or other issues in meeting our financial obligations, our ability to access our cash and cash equivalents may be threatened and could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Future adverse developments with respect to specific financial institutions or the broader financial services industry may also lead to market-wide liquidity shortages.

If we fail to manage our growth effectively, our business could be disrupted.

Our future financial performance and ability to successfully commercialize our products, which is not guaranteed, and to compete in the market will depend, in part, on our ability to manage any future growth effectively. We expect to make significant investments to facilitate our future growth through, among other things:

Any failure to manage future growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our growth and success depend on our ability to attract and retain additional highly qualified and skilled sales and marketing, research and development, operational, managerial and finance personnel.

Competition for skilled personnel is intense and the unexpected loss of an employee with a particular skill could have a material adverse effect on our operations until a replacement can be found and trained. If we cannot attract and retain skilled scientific and operational personnel for our research and development and manufacturing operations on acceptable terms, we may not be able to develop and commercialize our products. Further, any failure to effectively integrate new personnel could prevent us from successfully growing our company.

Our operations are subject to anti-corruption laws, including Australian bribery laws, and the FCPA and other anti-corruption laws that apply in countries where we do business.

Anti-corruption laws generally prohibit us and our employees and intermediaries from bribing, being bribed or making other prohibited payments to government officials or other persons to obtain or retain business or gain some other business advantage. We participate in collaborations and relationships with third parties whose actions could potentially subject us to liability under these anti-corruption laws. In addition, we cannot predict the nature, scope, or effect of future regulatory requirements to which our international operations might be subject or the manner in which existing laws might be administered or interpreted.

There is no assurance that we will be completely effective in ensuring our compliance with all applicable anti-corruption laws or other laws including trade related laws. If we are not in compliance with these laws, we may be subject to criminal and civil penalties, disgorgement and other sanctions and remedial measures, and legal expenses, which could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

Likewise, any investigation of any potential violations of these laws by respective government bodies could also have an adverse impact on our reputation, our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None

Item 1C. CYBERSECURITY

Risk Management and Strategy

AVITA Medical has implemented an Information Security Management System (“ISMS”). The Company’s ISMS is a continuous process designed to analyze the potential risks, vulnerabilities, the likeliness of occurrence and the related consequences of cybersecurity threats. The process is based on establishing the context, assessing the risks, and treating the risks. The key concept of the ISMS is to consistently maintain and improve confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information assets that should be protected by the organization on behalf of itself and its clients, and third parties. Once a risk, threat or vulnerability is identified, the Company establishes a risk treatment plan to take corrective action to prevent risks that can be avoided and minimize the ones that cannot. We engage an independent third-party cybersecurity services and consulting firm to continuously review our information security. We also conduct internal phishing campaigns and perform an independent penetration test on an annual basis. In addition, we conduct regular security awareness training and testing of our employees. The Company has not had any material cybersecurity incidents.

All related activities ISMC activities have been structured into a framework consisting of:

Disclosure of Management’s Responsibility

The Company’s Chief Financial Officer is primarily responsible for overseeing the Cybersecurity Risk Management Program and leading the Company’s efforts to mitigate technology risks in partnership with various business leaders in the organization. For qualifications of the CFO refer to Item 10 of the form 10-K. We have protocols, policies and tools in place to mitigate cybersecurity risk. They also provide the administrative, technical, and physical safeguards to ensure the security, confidentiality, integrity and availability of confidential information and personal information from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, alteration, destruction or theft. In addition, we engage an independent third party annually to assess our IT general controls and IT security. Special focus is given to maintaining and improving our alignment with ISO 27001. Additionally, we have a cybersecurity incident response plan in place that provides a documented framework for handling high and low severity security incidents and facilitates coordination across

multiple parts of the business. We have engaged an external consultant to provide oversight and technical expertise to our ISMS process. Finally, cybersecurity is integrated into the Company’s training as all employees are required to take security awareness training.

Disclosure of the Board’s Responsibility

While management is primarily responsible for assessing and managing cybersecurity risks on a day-to-day basis, the Company’s Board of Directors oversees management’s efforts to assess and manage risk. The Board (in conjunction particularly with the Audit Committee) monitors the cybersecurity risk assessment and response process. The Audit Committee is briefed by our Chief Financial Officer on our cybersecurity ISMS program and the overall cybersecurity risk environment. The briefing may include discussions on topics such as: information security and technology risks, cybersecurity risk assessment process and updates, information risk management strategies, and progress on cybersecurity and data protection training initiatives for employees, among others.

Item 2. PROPERTIES

Our principal corporate office is located at 28159 Avenue Stanford, Suite 220, Valencia, California 91355. We lease the 17,500 square foot facility under a lease agreement that expires on October 31, 2026. Our production plant in Ventura, California is a 27,480 square foot facility that we lease through September 30, 2027 with the right to extend the lease, at our sole option, as a result of two, three-year options that allow us to extend the lease up to an additional six years in total. The Company also has an administrative office lease in Irvine, California of approximately 10,700 square feet that is currently leased through the end of July 2028. We do not own any real property. We believe that leased facilities are adequate to meet current needs and that additional facilities will, if required, be available for lease to meet future needs.

Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are currently not aware of any material pending legal proceedings to which we are a party or of which any of our property is the subject, nor are we aware of any such proceedings that are contemplated by any governmental authority. From time to time, as an operating business, we are involved in routine disputes (both formal and informal) with customers, manufacturing partners and employees.

Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

The Company’s common stock is quoted on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker symbol “RCEL” and the Company’s CDIs are quoted on the ASX under the ticker code “AVH”. One share of common stock on Nasdaq is equivalent to five CDIs on the ASX.

Holders

As of January 31, 2024, the Company had approximately 4 unique stockholders of record of our common stock (which includes 20,497 holders of record of the Company’s CDIs, with each representing 1/5 of a share of common stock, and CHESS Depositary Nominees Pty Ltd, holds the legal title to all of the outstanding common stock underlying the CDIs of the Company).

Dividends

We have never paid cash dividends to our stockholders or to the holders of ordinary shares in the former parent company, AVITA Australia. We intend to retain future earnings for use in our business and do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our common stock and CDIs in the foreseeable future. Any future dividend policy will be determined by our board of directors and will be based upon various factors, including our results of operations, financial condition, current and anticipated cash needs, future prospects, contractual restrictions and other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant.

Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITIONS AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Objective

The purpose of this Management's Discussion and Analysis is to better allow our investors to understand and view our company from management's perspective. We are providing an overview of our business and strategy including a discussion of our financial condition and results of operations. The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations for the years-ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this Annual Report.

Overview

AVITA Medical is a commercial-stage regenerative medicine company transforming the standard of care for skin restoration with innovative devices and autologous cellular therapies. At the forefront of our portfolio is our patented and proprietary RECELL® System, approved by the United States Food & Drug Administration (“FDA”) for the treatment of thermal burn wounds and full-thickness skin defects, and for repigmentation of stable depigmented vitiligo lesions. RECELL harnesses the regenerative properties of a patient’s own skin to create an autologous skin cell suspension, Spray-On Skin™ Cells, delivering a transformative solution at the point of care. This breakthrough technology serves as the catalyst for a new treatment paradigm enabling improved clinical outcomes.

Our objective is to become the leading provider of regenerative medicine addressing unmet medical needs in burn injuries, full-thickness skin defects, and in skin repigmentation, such as vitiligo. To achieve this objective, we plan to:

Business Environment and Current Trends

Changes in reimbursement rates by third party payors may place additional financial pressure on hospitals and the broader healthcare system. Healthcare institutions may take actions to mitigate any persistent pressures on their budgets and such actions could impact the future demand for our products. Geopolitical conditions may also impact our operations. Although we do not have operations in Russia, Ukraine or in the Middle East, the continuation of the Russia-Ukraine military conflict and the conflict in the Middle East, and potential escalation of the conflicts beyond their current scope may further weaken the global economy and could result in additional inflationary pressures and supply chain constraints.

Results of Operations

Year-Ended December 31, 2023, compared to the Year-Ended December 31, 2022

The table below summarizes the results of our operations for each of the periods presented (in thousands).

*nm = not meaningful

Total net revenues increased by 46%, or $15.7 million, to $50.1 million, compared to $34.4 million in the year-ended December 31, 2022. Our commercial revenue, which excludes BARDA revenue, was $49.8 million for the year-ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $15.8 million, or 46%, compared to $34 million in the year-ended December 31, 2022. The growth in commercial revenues was largely driven by deeper penetration within individual customer accounts and the full-thickness skin defects launch along with the commencement of commercial sales with our partner COSMOTEC in Japan.

Gross profit margin increased by 2% to 84.5% compared to 82.4% in the year-ended December 31, 2022. The increase in gross profit margin is largely driven by higher production along with lower shipping costs.

BARDA income consisted of funding from BARDA, under the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, under ongoing USG Contract No. HHSO100201500028C. BARDA income decreased 56% or $1.8 million to $1.4 million, compared to $3.2 million in the year-ended December 31, 2022, due to reimbursable clinical trials winding down.

Total operating expenses increased by 46% or $27.3 million to $86.4 million, compared with $59.1 million in the year-ended December 31, 2022.

Sales and marketing expenses increased by 70%, or $15.4 million, to $37.3 million, compared to $21.9 million incurred in the year-ended December 31, 2022. Higher costs in the current year were primarily attributed to higher salaries and benefits, commissions, recruitment fees and travel costs. The increase in salaries and benefits and recruitment fees are due to the preparation of the commercial launch of full-thickness skin defects in June 2023. Higher commissions and travel costs were directly associated with the increase in revenues.

General and administrative expenses increased by 21%, or $5.0 million, to $28.3 million, compared to $23.3 million incurred in the year-ended December 31, 2022. The increase was attributable to salaries and benefits, deferred compensation expense, stock-based compensation, and severance costs. Higher salary and benefits are driven by the increase in headcount. The increase in deferred compensation expense is driven by our deferred compensation liability which generally tracks the movements in the stock market. Severance costs in the current year were due to the termination of three former executive officers, partially offset by the termination of a former executive officer in the prior year.

Research and development expenses increased by 50%, or $6.9 million, to $20.8 million, compared to $13.9 million incurred in the year-ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher clinical trial costs associated with the TONE study as well as other research and development costs associated with furthering our pipeline, and the development of the next generation

RECELL GO for preparation of Spray-On Skin Cells, which resulted in a PMA submission in June 2023. We also had increased expenses associated with building out a team of Medical Science Liaisons in support of the new full-thickness skin defects indication.

Interest expense increased by $1.1 million due to the new Credit Agreement entered into with OrbiMed Advisors, LLC on October 18, 2023.

Other income, net increased by $7.6 million in the current year primarily due to an increase of $2.1 million in income from our investment activities, wind down of certain foreign subsidiaries that resulted in a $9.4 million gain, partially offset by a loss on debt issuance of $1.2 million, debt issuance costs of $0.8 million and the change of fair value for our debt of $1.6 million and change in fair value of warrants for $0.7 million. We had an increase of approximately $2.1 million in interest income due to higher investment yields. By the end of the fourth quarter of 2023 the business activities of AVITA Medical Pty Limited, AVITA Medical Europe Limited, Visiomed Group Pty Ltd, C3 Operations Pty Ltd and Infamed Pty Ltd were essentially dissolved. As part of the liquidation the company recognized $9.4 million of non-cash foreign currency exchange gains associated with the elimination of the foreign subsidiaries. The gains were offset by expenses related to issuance of debt. We recognized approximately $1.2 million loss on debt issuance as the fair value of the debt and the warrants on the issuance date exceeded the proceeds received on October 18, 2023, the closing date. In addition, we incurred approximately $0.8 million in debt issuance costs. We also recognized $1.7 million and $0.7 million of non-cash charges due to the change in fair value of the debt and the warrant liability, respectively. As permitted under ASC 825, we elected the fair value option to account for the debt, and recorded the debt and warrants at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Changes in fair value related to instrument specific credit risk for the debt are included in Other comprehensive income in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Net loss increased by $8.8 million, to $35.4 million, over the $26.7 million recognized in the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in net loss was driven by the higher operating expenses, partially offset by higher revenues and the non-cash charges as described above.

Year-Ended December 31, 2022, compared to the Year-Ended December 31, 2021

The table below summarizes the results of our operations for each of the periods presented (in thousands).

*nm = not meaningful

Total net revenue increased by 4% or $1.4 million to $34.4 million, compared to $33.0 million in the year-ended December 31, 2021, which included $7.9 million from our delivery of units to managed inventory for BARDA (of the Office for the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response) for emergency response preparedness. Total commercial revenue, which excludes BARDA revenue, increased by 36% or $9.0 million to $34.0 million in the year-ended December 31, 2022, compared to $25.1 million in the year-ended December 31, 2021. The growth in commercial revenues was largely driven by deeper penetration within individual customer accounts along with the commencement of commercial sales with our partner COSMOTEC in Japan.

Gross profit margin was 82% and relatively flat compared to the year-ended December 31, 2021.

BARDA income consisted of funding from BARDA, under the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, under ongoing USG Contract No. HHSO100201500028C. Under the BARDA

contract, income of $3.2 million was recognized during the year-ended December 31, 2022, compared to income of $1.6 million for the year-ended December 31, 2021. BARDA income increased as a result of funding by BARDA for the pivotal trial for use of the RECELL System for soft tissue repair.

Total operating expenses increased by 10% or $5.5 million to $59.1 million, compared to $53.6 million in the year-ended December 31, 2021.

Sales and marketing expenses increased by 35%, or $5.6 million, to $21.9 million, compared to $16.3 million recognized in the year-ended December 31, 2021. Increased costs in the current year were primarily driven by higher selling costs, pre-commercialization costs and higher salaries and benefits. Higher selling costs are attributable to increased commissions due to increased revenue and higher costs for travel, hands-on professional education, and training. Increased pre-commercialization costs are driven by activities related to future RECELL launches in soft tissue repair and vitiligo. Higher salaries and benefits were primarily due to additional field personnel added to deepen penetration within individual customer accounts.

General and administrative expenses increased by 8%, or $1.6 million, to $23.3 million, compared to $21.7 million recognized in the year-ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily driven by higher salaries and benefits and share-based compensation expenses. Higher salaries and benefits costs were due to the expansion of our workforce to support overall operations along with severance costs associated with the termination of a former executive officer. Higher share-based compensation expense was due to the new equity grants in the current period, partially offset by the reversal of expense for unvested awards related to the termination of a former executive officer in the current year.

Research and development expenses decreased by 12%, or $1.8 million, to $13.9 million, compared to $15.7 million recognized in the year-ended December 31, 2021. Research and development costs were lower due to the following: pediatric burn study was closed for enrollment, soft tissue repair and vitiligo trial participants were in less costly follow-up phases this period compared to more costly recruitment and treatment phases in the prior period, and lower expense for sponsored research toward pipeline development in the current period. This is partially offset by higher development expenses in the current year from ongoing development of next generation devices for preparation of Spray-On Skin™ Cells as compared to the prior year due to early prototype development and testing.

Net loss increased by 6%, or $1.5 million, to $26.7 million, over the $25.1 million recognized in the year-ended December 31, 2021. The increase in net loss was driven by higher operating expenses as described above, partially offset by higher revenue.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

We expect to utilize cash reserves until U.S. sales of our products reach a level sufficient to fund ongoing operations. AVITA Medical has funded its research and development activities, and more recently its substantial investment in sales and marketing activities, through raising capital by issuing securities and the issuance of debt. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had approximately $22.1 million in cash and cash equivalents and $66.9 million in marketable securities.

On October 18, 2023 (the “Closing Date”), the Company entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”), by and between the Company, as borrower, and an affiliate of OrbiMed Advisors, LLC, as the lender and administrative agent (the “Lender”). The Credit Agreement provides for a five-year senior secured credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $90.0 million (the “Loan Facility”), of which $40.0 million was borrowed on the Closing Date (the “Initial Commitment Amount”). In addition, an aggregate of $50.0 million will be made available in two separate $25.0 million tranches, at the Company’s discretion, subject to certain net revenue requirements. The first tranche of $25.0 million will be made available on or before December 31, 2024. The second tranche of $25.0 million will be made available on or prior to June 30, 2025, only if the first tranche was drawn upon. On the Closing Date, the Company closed on the Initial Commitment Amount, less certain fees and expenses payable to or on behalf of the Lender. The indebtedness under the Credit Agreement will be secured by substantially all of our assets and will accrue interest at a rate equal to the greater of (a) forward-looking one-month term SOFR rate and (b) four percent (4%) per annum, plus eight percent (8%). In the event that the Company does not meet certain twelve-month trailing revenue targets at the end of certain fiscal quarters, the outstanding balance of the loan must be repaid in equal quarterly installments of 5% of the funded amount through the maturity date. The Credit Agreement contains representations, warranties and covenants that are customary for this type of agreement.

On the Closing Date, we issued to an affiliate of the Lender a warrant (the “Warrant”) to purchase up to 409,661 shares of our common stock, at an exercise price of $10.9847 per share, with a term of 10 years from the issuance date. The Warrant contains customary share adjustment provisions, as well as weighted average price protection in certain circumstances.

As of the date these financial statements were issued, we believe we have sufficient cash reserves to fund operations for the next 12 months.

Financing Activities

On April 14, 2023, we entered into a Sales Agreement with Cowen and Company, LLC pursuant to which the Company may sell from time-to-time up to 3,799,164 shares of its common stock (the “2023 ATM Program”). During the year-ended December 31, 2023, we did not make any sales under the 2023 ATM Program.

On October 18, 2023, as discussed above, we completed a Credit Agreement with the Lender for an aggregate amount up to $90.0 million. On the closing date of the agreement we drew $40.0 million.

On October 18, 2023, as discussed above, we issued to an affiliate of the Lender a warrant to purchase up to 409,661 shares of our common stock, at an exercise price of $10.9847 per share, with a term of 10 years from the issuance date.

Given the above, we believe there is presently sufficient working capital to support our committed activities, our research and development programs and other activities over the next twelve months.

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:

Net cash used in operating activities was $38.0 million during the year-ended December 31, 2023, and $19.1 million during the year-ended December 31, 2022. The increase primarily resulted from higher operating costs, partially offset by increased revenues.

Net cash provided in investing activities was $1.6 million during the year-ended December 31, 2023 and cash used in investing activities was $19.3 million during the during the year-ended December 31, 2022. Cash flows provided by investing activities were primarily attributable to maturities of marketable securities. Cash flows used in investing activities for the year-ended December 31, 2022 is primarily attributable to purchase of marketable securities.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $40.4 million and $0.9 million for the years-ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in cash provided by financing activities was due to the issuance debt.

Capital Management and Material Cash Requirements

We aim to manage capital to maintain optimal returns to stockholders and benefits for other stakeholders. We also aim to maintain a capital structure that ensures the lowest cost of capital available to us. We regularly review our capital structure and seek to take advantage of available opportunities to improve outcomes for us and our stockholders.

For the year-ended December 31, 2023, there were no dividends paid and we have no plans to commence the payment of dividends. We have no purchase commitments or long-term contractual obligations, except for lease obligations as of December 31, 2023. Refer to Note 7 of our Consolidated Financial Statements for further details on our lease obligations. In addition, we have no off-balance sheet arrangements (as defined in the rules and regulations of the SEC) that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors. We have no committed plans to issue further shares on the market but will continue to assess market conditions.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The SEC defines “critical accounting policies” as those that require the application of management’s most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain and may change in subsequent periods.

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Practices, or U.S. GAAP, requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We base those estimates on historical experience and on various assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

The following listing is not intended to be a comprehensive list of all of our accounting policies. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements contained elsewhere in this Annual Report. In many cases, the accounting treatment of a particular transaction is dictated by U.S. GAAP, with no need for our judgment in its application. There are also areas in which our judgment in selecting an available alternative would not produce a materially different result. We have identified the following as our critical accounting policies.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue when its customers obtain control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.

To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that are within the scope of Topic 606, Revenue from contracts with customers, (“ASC 606”), we perform the following five steps:

In order for an arrangement to be considered a contract, it must be probable that we will collect the consideration to which it is entitled for goods or services to be transferred. Once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, we assess the goods or services promised with each contract, determines whether those are performance obligations and the related transaction price. We then recognize the sale of goods based on the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when the performance obligation is satisfied.

Our revenue consists primarily of the sale of the RECELL System to hospitals or other treatment centers, COSMOTEC and to BARDA (collectively, “customers”), predominately in the United States. We evaluated the BARDA contract and concluded that a portion of the arrangement, such as the procurement of the RECELL system and the emergency preparedness, represents a transaction with a customer and as such are in the scope of ASC 606. Amounts received from BARDA for the research and development of the our product are classified as BARDA income in the Consolidated Statement of Operations and are accounted for under IAS 20. For further details refer to BARDA Income and Receivables below.

Revenues for commercial customers (COSMOTEC, hospitals and treatment centers) are recognized as control of the product is transferred to customers, at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for the product. Revenues are recognized net of volume discounts. As such, revenue is recognized only to the extent a significant reversal of revenues is not expected to occur in subsequent periods. For our contracts that have an original duration of one year or less, we used the practical expedient applicable to such contracts and does not consider the time value of money. Further, because of the short duration of these contracts, we have not disclosed the transaction price for the remaining performance obligations as of each reporting period or when we expect to recognize this revenue. We have further applied the practical expedient to exclude sales tax in the transaction price and expense contract acquisition costs such as commissions and shipping and handling expenses as incurred.

For revenues related to the BARDA contract within the scope of ASC 606, we identified two performance obligations (i) the procurement of 5,614 RECELL units, (ii) emergency preparedness services. Through this contract we promise to procure the product through a vendor management inventory arrangement and to stand ready to provide emergency deployment services related to the product. Emergency preparedness services include procuring necessary storage containers, housing, and maintaining the containers (and product), and providing shipping and handling services in the event of an emergency situation. This stand ready obligation is a